How Many Recommendation Letters For College Do I Need

What number of Recommendation Letters For College Do I Need SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Schools request every unique number of proposal letters. Every school sets its own approach, so it's consistently a smart thought to twofold check each school on your rundown to ensure you see precisely what it needs. Regularly, schools need you to send a proposal letter from your advisor. Moreover, they may request one, two, or, in uncommon cases, three letters from your instructors. This guide will go over the distinctive guidelinesso you know what number of recommendationsto collectwhen applying to schools. To start with, let’s go overthe various choices. What number of Recommendation Letters Do Schools Require? You may require somewhere in the range of zero to four letters of proposals. As referenced over, most of universities need to see in any event an assessment from your school advocate. On this, numerous universities, particularly those choosing based on scholastic legitimacy, look for a couple of educator suggestions. Hardly any universities need to see three; for the most part, you’ll possibly need three recs if you’re applying to military school. To discover data on your particular schools of intrigue, you can look on their affirmations sites. On the off chance that you’re utilizing the Common Application, at that point your application ought to likewise be redone to each school and its desires. While this guide doesn’t spread each and every school in the US (there are thousands!), it will go over some mainstream schools and their proposal letter prerequisites. Let’s start with schools that have least prerequisites and stir our way up to the schools with the most. You're free for proposal letters at these schools. Mainstream Schools with No Recommendation Requirement There are a few schools, including serious ones, that don’t require any proposal letters whatsoever. A portion of these may have a general â€Å"no rec letter† strategy, yet at the same time encourage you to check with your specific division or program. Others may request that you send a proposal letter later in the year. Some of you perusing this may inhale a moan of help, while others might need to send a rec letter and be baffled. On the off chance that you fall into the last gathering, would it be advisable for you to send your letter(s) at any rate? Once more, it’s consistently a smart thought to check your school’s site for data or call its affirmations office legitimately for its recommendation. A few schools will peruse your letters in the event that you need to send them, while others arerather resolute about not sending any. Here are a couple of schools that, as a rule, don’t require proposal letters: Penn State University (except if determined by a program) College of California schools College of Minnesota College of Texas College of Washington Presently for the schools that require one letter of proposal - yet just from your instructor. On the off chance that you're applying to any of the schools underneath, at that point an outing to your direction office is all together. Well known Schools that Require One Counselor Recommendationand No TeacherRecommendations These schools simply need to see an evaluationfrom your school advisor. As should be obvious, the majority of these schools are available to you sending an educator assessment in the event that you figure it will be useful to your application. School of William and Mary (educator recommendationis discretionary) Georgia Institute of Technology (educator assessment is suggested, however not required) James Madison University (educator suggestion is discretionary) College of Richmond On the off chance that you do choose to send an educator rec when it’s not required, ensure it’s a solid, considerable letter that you feel will genuinely support your application. A typical prerequisite of numerous multi year schools is one guide suggestion and one instructor proposal. These next schools need you to send two letters of proposal, as showed by the diesmbodied skimming hand. Famous Schools that Require One Counselor and One Teacher Recommendation These schools need to seeoneletter each from your school instructor and an educator. College of Delaware (one required, proposes that most candidates submit more than one letter) Georgia Tech Factories College NYU College of Maryland College of Massachusetts College of Virginia Wake Forest University More selectivecolleges will in general require an advisor letter of rec and two instructor letters of suggestion. Leave some well known schools with this necessity underneath. In case you're applying to any of the schools beneath, ideally you have three grinning instructors prepared to compose stunning things about you! Well known Schools that Require One Counselor and Two Teacher Recommendations Since these schools are especially specific for scholarly capacity, it bodes well that they need to find out about you and your work as an understudy from two distinct educators. Amherst College Duke University Sarah Lawrence College Barnard College Emory University Scripps College Bates College Harvard University Skidmore College Boston College Harvey Mudd College Smith College Bowdoin College Haverford College Stanford University Earthy colored University Johns Hopkins University Swarthmore College Bryn Mawr College Juilliard School Syracuse University California Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trinity College Case Western Reserve University Middlebury College Joined State Coast Guard Academy Colby College Mount Holyoke College College of Chicago Colgate University New England Conservatory of Music College of Pennsylvania Colorado College Oberlin College Vanderbilt University Columbia University Occidental College Washington and Lee University Connecticut College Pitzer College Wellesley College Cornell University Pomona College Wheaton College** Dartmouth College* Princeton University Williams College Davidson College* Reed College Yale University *Dartmouth and Davidson also require a friend proposal with the two educator recommendations.**Wheaton requires one instructor rec and one peaceful rec Up until this point, you either had no way out in your recommender (similarly as with your advocate) or could simply pick one educator. In any case, with respect to the schools that require two letters, do they have any prerequisites about who precisely you request to suggest you? Rules for Your TwoTeacher Recommendations As far as who you ask, universities commonly solicit you to give a range from points of view, similar to one letter from a science or math instructor and one from a humanities or social examinations educator (this incorporates specialized schools like MIT and CalTech). The other basic approach is that the school surrenders the decision over to you. In practically any case, you ought to ask two instructors from center courses. In the event that you’re applying to a craftsmanship or execution school, as Juilliard or the New England Conservatory of Music, at that point one of your letters ought to be an imaginative proposal from a private studio educator, conductor, mentor, or masterful coach. As you saw over, a chosen few schools, similar to Dartmouth, Davidson, and Wheaton, get explicit about extra companion or peaceful suggestions, yet these are certainly special cases. Since you have a feeling of the universities that need two instructor suggestions, investigate the not many that need three (FYI,they’re every single military school). Military Schools that Require One Counselor and Three Teacher Recommendations These schools additionally require a designation from a Congressperson, which basically considers another proposal, bringing the number required up to five! US Air Force Academy US Navy Academy (math, English educators and Blue Gold official) US Merchant Marine Academy US Military Academy (West Point) Above, we quickly addressed whether you ought to send a letter regardless of whether your school doesn’t require it. On a comparative note, would it be advisable for you to ever send an additional letter? Extra! Extra! Find out about me! Would you be able to Send Extra Recommendation Letters? Strategically, you ought to have the option to send an additional suggestion letter by means of mail or doling out an extra recommender on your school application or Common Application. Numerous schools permit this choice, yet you ought to be mindful and ensure you comprehend your school's supposition about sending additional material. Each school has its own position on supplemental letters. On the off chance that your school permits it, you need to ensure an additional letter adds something generous to your application and originates from a legitimate source, similar to a network supervisoror otherworldly pioneer with whom you've worked intently. Another situation wherein an additional letter could be a smart thought is on the off chance that you go to a tremendous secondary school and haven't become more acquainted with your educators or guide well overall. Once more, try to find out about your school's strategy. You would prefer not to play into the old affirmations saying, The thicker the document, the thicker the child. Admissions officials as a rule don't look affectionately on a lot of additional material. Instead of helping your application, inordinate supplemental could simply wind up raising warnings about the quality of your nomination. While exploring your universities' prerequisites is a basic initial phase in arranging your proposal letters, there are a few different components that require your consideration. Peruse on for additional on social event suggestion letters, along withthe assets that canhelp you through the procedure. Disclose to me more. What Else Do You Need to Know About Recommendation Letters? Before you welcome your recommenders to present their letters on the web, you should be keen about who you

Security Studies an Introduction and Facts about the Development

Question: Examine about the Security Studies an Introduction and Facts about the Development Answer: Readiness: In getting ready for the instructional exercise a couple of realities about the advancement of the world as it stands today got engaged. At whatever point individuals talk about my nation or my country, the essential thing that gets passed on is that I or we together own this real estate parcel mass and you individuals who remain on this land mass are my subjects. Well that was the customary standpoint. With majority rule government setting in and legislative issues taking a shape where there are no unmistakable lines of rulers, the announcement is nearly saying something very similar however a little glossed over. It is currently said This real estate parcel has a place with us all. Henceforth let us mutually misuse it, for which it should be secured against perils. While the individuals are supposed to be the proprietors of the land a littler gathering calls the cards. Anything that risks this stand is basically a security peril. Reflections: In the instructional exercise titled Security Studies an Introduction and composed by Paul D. Williams this idea has been recommended - in various words however. Security is expressed to mean distinctive to various individuals and that governmental issues assumes a significant job in characterizing and subsequently forming popular conclusion. This works specifies that security id the wellbeing of genuine individuals in genuine spots and that establishes the pace of the arrangement that it will shrink away from the real issue, since it is somewhat hard to picture unbelievable individuals and spot. Over the span of conversation it makes reference to around four essential inquiries which are, first, what is security, second is whose security, third, what makes a security issue and fourth and last is the manner by which to accomplish security. Security is supposed to be the way toward evacuating the danger to values that are loved and in the event that the danger strikes, at that point these loved qualities are lost. As to address of whose security it states in extremely circuitous manner that it is the country which may have numerous ethnic gatherings as well as classes inside it. It talks about outer security as well as interior angles like economy, wellbeing and condition viewpoints Is significant war out of date? Arrangement: Wars have been around since the time the start of the edified society. Outer powers have consistently attempted to remove the harvests of hard work from the nation which worked for it. So as to ensure their riches each country consistently keeps itself prepared to meet the outer dangers. Enormous scope war including numerous countries isn't possible today since the arsenal of the whole world is adequate to wreck the world many occasions over. That ought not be interpreted as the inclination to claim others property by certain methods not just fierce power has been wiped out. Huge scope war is not, at this point conceivable however then enormous scope hostility financial, modern, social and social is a lot of pervasive right up 'til today. Rather than hacking off the leaders of the opponent armed force faculty the accentuation has moved to starvation, hardship and embarrassment. Reflection: In the article Is significant war out of date? composed by M. Mandelbaum the beginning off is offering a similar conversation starter and continuing with the possibility that wars are simply methods for mass devastation to life and property. It proceeds to make the feeling that war is not, at this point a reasonable alternative and utilizations numerous wordings to protect its hypothesis. It has described numerous angles and has utilized numerous strange terms which don't enhance the essential suggestion of whether war is conceivable today or not. Adroitly the expense of war both immediate and aberrant or long haul has become so enormous that the worldwide network is against it. With the ascent of law based powers the idea of war is gradually going into blankness. In any case, it might be reminded that the article is importance wars in which one nation fires against another for typically financial advantages over the long haul. Most nations are resulting from a war or if nothing else difficulty. It is relevantly noticed that such nations which have appeared as a drop out or consequence of a war themselves do battle on different purposes. Explanations behind war differ yet the outcome is the equivalent. In this way what has been so far called war gets changed to mean animosity of any sort propelled by one country on another to get hold of their financial assets has supplanted war. Wars, which before, implied murdering by method of utilization of weapons has been supplanted by executing by removing the wellspring of energetic hood of the populace. This sort of war proceeds with today and has become a pattern under different names like globalization and monetary changes. The technique for executing has just changed, the reality stays same. In this way wars will currently take an alternate structure and neglectful gore is en route to turn into a relic of days gone by. Atomic Zero the Best Option Readiness: The idea of going absolutely atomic free is an idealistic idea in todays world. No reasonable administration would even consider confiding in the main super intensity of today for example US of America about their remain of making an atomic free world. The littler and less huge countries know the well-known axiom that Preparation for war is the best approach to accomplish harmony and they will keep themselves prepared to have the option to make a scratch on the off chance that America was to rake up any undesirable issue. Countries go to battle on evidently unstable ground and America is no exemption. They have been propelling offensives in the Middle East and Far East clearly on wobbly and indefensible grounds. The war in Vietnam which cost America a clean fortune is an abundance of experience for the littler nations of the world. Every country must be in status for confronting any hostile from the super force and this super force has the solidarity to request that others go non-ato mic however they might want to remain the one in particular who is irrefutable. The fear based oppressor bunches have an immense capacity to incur wounds on the super force however they may not be in a position today to assume control over the nation. The death toll and property to America by method of fear monger assaults make solid popular feeling against the state and in this way are best kept away from. Reflections: The discussion whether Nuclear Zero the Best Option has centered the two perspectives for and against the movement. While what is been expressed in the understandings for the movement reviews the different declarations by different head of territory of United States of America about moving towards an atomic free world they have not had the option to validate with realities of this atomic super force beginning any exercises for guaranteeing non expansion of atomic arms. The contentions introduced by the individuals who have denounced the movement show up progressively consistent. That this super force has in the past been answerable for propelling offensives against littler and more fragile countries on some appearance or different gets referenced undoubtedly. They need demobilization just to fill their own need of staying liberated from the feelings of dread of any atomic strike by particularly the psychological oppressor gatherings. Psychological oppressor bunches are very equipped for propelling an atomic strike just to utilize their muscles. This isn't what America would be prepared to acknowledge. New Weapons for Old Problems: Conventional Proliferation and Military Effectiveness in Developing States Readiness: The creating countries which are not so much in the class of genuine dangers to the effectively created nations are quick gaining weaponries for making themselves more grounded and fitter to oppose any military animosity by their neighboring nations. Developing nations like India and Pakistan continue fortifying their weapons store just to guarantee that they are sheltered from their neighbors. This is likewise found in the Middle East, where obtaining arms is nothing unbelievable. Reflections: This article with the heading New Weapons for Old Problems: Conventional Proliferation and Military Effectiveness in Developing States composed by Christopher S. Parker digs in the issues of groundwork for war in the immature nations. These numerous nations which all have some monetary or social or land quality are ever on lumberjack sets out toward assortment of reasons. The arms sellers are dynamic in these zones and in a significant number cases the arms bargains are blurred in secret. In the event that the super powers need the weapons contest to stop, at that point the arms and ammo fabricating associations must be limited and that is unspeakable in the worldwide economy of today. From kadesh to Kandahar Military hypothesis and the eventual fate of war Arrangement: The immature nations which are outside the super force square is equipping themselves alarmingly. Does the western and propelled nations effectively add to this circumstance is an inquiry which rings a bell. Reflections: An appropriate inquiry has been attempted to be replied by the creator and that question is that can the eventual fate of wars be anticipated particularly inside the setting of the present financial weights on the propelled nations which has approached the immersion point. The most significant thought that has been expressed here is that anyway confined a contention might be with the assistance of data innovation it before long takes the size of a worldwide issue. Along these lines this article is uncovering the odds of provincial clashes growing into wars where the super force square may need to get required because of social weight made by the dispersal of data by the worldwide media and data innovation. Mounted force to PC The example of military insurgency Planning: These are days when the war is battled with information, intelligence and innovation. Countless number of wars and fights has been lost because of the predominant innovation sending of the foe. This has been the pattern in fighting as is clear from the historical backdrop of humankind. Already the war was battled on the muscle intensity of the troopers yet gradually the accentuation got put on method and backing from non human warriors. This included

The Dorothys of Crime Fiction

The Dorothys of Crime Fiction Its April, and as many of you know, I spent the previous month immersing myself in crime fiction. (Now Im immersed in the 1100+-page novel that is Cryptonomicon, but thats a different story). Aaaanyway, while I was bringing myself up to speed (speedily) on the history of American crime fiction, I noticed somethinginteresting. Lots of detective/crime/mystery writers were named Dorothy. And like I said, its April, and the Dorothy in my life (my Grandma Dorothy) would be 99 this month if she were alive today. She was vivacious, she was dynamic, she commanded attention and was loved by friends and family alike. And she loved a good story. So, in honor of my Grandma Dorothy and her April birthday, I hereby introduce you to six Dorothys of crime fiction: Dorothy Cannell Born in London in 1943, Cannell moved to America when she was twenty years old. Known for her Ellie Haskell series of novels (of which there are 14, so far), the first Haskell novel- The Thin Woman (1984)- was selected as one of the 100 Favorite Mysteries of the Twentieth Century by the Independent Mystery Booksellers Association. Dorothy Salisbury Davis As Sarah Weinman has explained in her recent anthology  Troubled Daughters, Twisted Wives, women were in the forefront of the nascent crime fiction genre in the first half of the 20th century. Davis, now 98, was one of these pioneers, and published her first crime novel,  The Judas Cat, in 1949. She is particularly known for her masterful handling of psychological suspense. In 1956, she served as the President of the Mystery Writers of America and was declared a Grand Master in 1985. Dorothy B. Hughes I recently read Hughess In a Lonely Place (1947), one of her most popular books, and boy was it creepy and haunting and absolutely wonderful. Hughes is particularly known for her hardboiled and noir style. Three of her novels were turned into films, and she received an Edgar Award from the MWA in 1951; the Grand Master award followed in 1978. A reviewer and literary critic as well, Hughes was versatile and immensely talented. She died in 1993.  Dorothy L. Sayers Born in England in 1893, Sayers established herself as a major mystery and crime writer in the 1920s and 30s with her series featuring the fictional detective and aristocrat Lord Peter Wimsey. Sayers devoted much of her later life, though, to drama, poetry, literary criticism, essays, and translations, including that of Dantes Divine Comedy. She died in 1957. Dorothy Simpson Born in Wales in 1933, Simpson won the Silver Dagger Award from the Crime Writers Association of Great Britain in 1985 for her novel Last Seen Alive. Before turning to writing, Simpson had worked as an English and French teacher, and then as a marriage counselor. Simpson created the popular Inspector Thanet series, which includes 15 novels so far. Dorothy Uhnak Uhnak, an American crime novelist, started off as a detective for the NYC Transit Police Department before turning to writing. Her first novel The Bait (1968) won her the Edgar Award in 1969. Many of Uhnaks novels were turned into TV movies and were bestsellers. She died in 2006. Save Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

The Case Study of Ted Bundy - 1365 Words

Ted Bundy Introduction Ted Bundy was one of the most vicious and notorious serial killers in United States history. His success in finding and slaughtering his prey was often due to his meticulous planning and preparation. In other moments he simply seized upon the opportunity to charm a woman he met without any prior planning and lured her to a place where he could kill her. He killed as many as 36 women, although authorities suggest that there may have been more victims than that. Was Bundy a classic case of a criminal whose activities can be linked to the Rational Choice theory? Do the principles of Trait theories explain his behaviors? This paper looks into those theories as they may or may not apply to the murderous life of Ted Bundy. This paper finds that Rational Choice theory fits the facts of Ted Bundys serial killing more appropriately than Trait theories. The Literature on Bundy and Appropriate Theories Looking into Bundys life, many of the facts and images from his early life stand in stark contrast to the vicious killings he engaged in. The young many Bundy was well behaved and grew up an attractive teen that was generally liked and who performed well in school, according to Charles Montaldo writing in About.com. When he enrolled in the University of Puget Sound, he did very well in his schoolwork but he was embarrassed that he had so little money and the students around him were far wealthier, so he transferred to the University of WashingtonShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Ted Bundy1221 Words   |  5 Pages Case Study: Ted Bundy Ted Bundy was born in Burlington, Vermont on November 24, 1946. He became his mother’s shame due to the fact he was conceived while she was unmarried and young. Eleanor Cowell, the mother of Ted Bundy had strict religious parents which put more pressure to the situation. Although there is not any information regarding the whereabouts of Ted’s father, Eleanor Cowell managed to deliver the child at a home for unmarried mothers. Eventually, she brought the child to her parentsRead MoreTed Bundy Case Study2485 Words   |  10 PagesTheodore â€Å"TED† BUNDY CASE Theodore â€Å"Ted† Bundy, the serial killer that was born as Theodore Robert Cowell, on November 24, 1946 killed between 1973 and 1978. He escaped from county jail two times before his last apprehension in February 1978. After so many years of so many denials, he eventually confessed to over thirty murders. Even though the actual number of murder victims is not known. It is estimated that the range of victims is from twenty-six to hundred. The wide-ranging estimate is thirty-fiveRead MoreCase Case Study : Ted Bundy1873 Words   |  8 PagesI decided to conduct my case study on Ted Bundy because his story and crimes always fascinated me and I wanted to attain a comprehensive understanding of what motivated him commit such horrific acts. Ted spent his early childhood growing up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with his mother and maternal grandparents where Bundy was raised to believe his mother was his sibling and his grandparents were his parents. When Ted discovered Louise de ceived him about his parentage, he developed a strained relationshipRead MoreCase Study Analysis of Ted Bundy1041 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿A Case Study Analysis of Ted Bundy Introduction A personality disorder can be described as an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that is extremely inflexible, deviates markedly from the expectations of a persons culture, and causes personal distress or behavioral impairment (Bernstein, Nietzel, McCauley Foust, 1997). Such patterns of problems in the personality of an individual can be traced to adolescence or even childhood. People who have been diagnosed with personalityRead MoreCase Study: Ted Bundy Essay2279 Words   |  10 Pages Theodore Robert Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24, 1949.His mother, Louise Cowell was unmarried at the time, and the name of his biological father has never been determined with certainty, however Lloyd Marshall was named on his birth certificate. Louise moved into her parent’s home shortly after Ted’s birth and allowed him to be raised as her ‘brother’ for quite some time. When Ted’s mother married Johnnie Culpepper Bundy in May 1 951 in Tacoma, Washington, when Theodore was fourRead MoreTed Bundy : The Most Notorious Criminals Of The 20th Century1716 Words   |  7 Pages Ted Bundy Ted Bundy is considered as one of the America’s most notorious criminals of the 20th century. He confessed to around 28 murders, but thought to be responsible for hundreds of deaths. He escaped custody killing at least three people, two college students and a twelve year old, before he was caught again and executed. While Ted Bundy is known for his charm, and many people believe he is a striking and intelligent man, he has a very troubled past; Bundy is remembered as a notorious serialRead MoreTed Bundy: Unlikely Serial Killer1415 Words   |  6 PagesTed Bundy: Unlikely Serial Killer Americans were shocked in the 1970s when authorities began reporting a string of disappearances of young women from Washington, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Florida and Oregon. The man behind these crimes was Theodore (Ted) Bundy. Many people still consider him to be one of the most notorious serial killers of all time and was once one of the FBI’s most wanted. He was officially tied to 36 murders, however he is believed to have committed more than one hundred. TheRead MorePsychology of Serial Killers1430 Words   |  6 PagesWe serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands we are everywhere. And there will be more of your children dead tomorrow. Theodore Robert Bundy In the past decade, Americans and researchers have given more and more of their attention to serial killers. The United States alone has contributed about 85% of the worlds serial killers. It has been said that they come in many different forms. Society has many words for serial killers. Holmes and DeBurger define serial murders as consistingRead MoreTed Bundy s Influence On The Family1591 Words   |  7 PagesTed Bundy was born on November 24, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont, bringing much disgrace to his mother and family. Bundy was born out of wed lock, his mother Eleanor Louis Cowell was twenty-two and was raised in an overly religious household. Cowell moved back home to Philadelphia with her parents to raise her new son. To hide the fact that he was an illegitimate child, Bundy was raised to believe his grandparents were his parents and his mother was his sister. They moved soon thereafter to TacomaRead MoreBiography Of Theodore Bundy Born Theodore1561 Words   |  7 PagesT heodore Bundy born Theodore Robert Cowell was born in Burlington, Vermont to Eleanor Cowell. He was born on November 24, 1946. She had him when she was still a teeneager and so Ted was raised believing that she was his sister. His birth father is somewhat confusing on his birth certificate it has Lloyd Marshall but investigators believe that his real father s name was Jack Worthington. Ted’s mother married Johnnie Bundy who eventually adopted Ted as his son. Ted Bundy became interested in knives

WTO and GATT REGULATION - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1109 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? WTO REGULATION GATT was established in 1947 with 23 members, there were eight negotiation rounds between all these countries. The first 6 rounds were about reducing the tariff rates. The 7th Tokyo Round Agreement on following Article VII of the GATT was signed in 1979. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "WTO and GATT REGULATION" essay for you Create order There were several topics discussed and got successful results. The results of agreement reached to bring the average tariff on industrial products reduced to 4.7%; to reduce tariff when it was over eight years; to get the non-tariff barriers obstacles. WTO is an international organization who has 160 members, led by a director general with 640 staff committed to deal with the rules of trade between countries. WTO covers trade in services and trade-related intellectual property rights than GATT rules applied to only merchandise goods. WTO commitments are fully and functionally permanent instead of GATTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s provisional basis. Finally, GATT was replaced by WTO following Article VII in 1993 in according to the Uruguay Round. The Principles of WTO agreement were intended to provide a fair, uniform and neutral (FUN) system for the valuation of goods for customs purpose. This Agreement essentially applied that the value for duty should be based on the actually price actua lly paid or payable for the imported goodsto be the transaction value. The value for duty also should conform to commercial realities. The agreement also refused to use of Arbitrary, fictitious for customs values. WTO agreement gives the right of the customs administrations to request further information of importers where they have reason to doubt the declared value of imported goods. Transaction Value Method (By Guoping Lu) The transaction value is determined by finding out the price paid or payable for the goods when the goods are sold for export to Canada to a purchaser who is in Canada, and adjusting the price paid or payable by following the section 48of the Customs Act. WTO generalized the transaction value as the primary method of evaluation as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Price actually paid or payableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  on imported goods. In determining the Transaction Value, the price paid or payable may be adjusted and subjected to some additions or some deductions. As we usually do in Canada Customs Invoice, if the following ones are not indicated in field 17 which is the total invoice, price paid or payable, then they have to be added: Thedomestic transportation fees and insurance charges in Canada; Commission fees; Royalties fees; Assists; (The Canadian purchaser supplies a free or less cost on the value of the imported goods which are used for the production and sale.) The packing cost; Subsequent proceeds; If the following ones are indicated in field 17 which is the total invoice, price paid or payable in CCI, then they have to be deducted: The international transportation and insurance charges form other country to Canada; Construction, erection assembly costs; Imported duties and taxes. We can find more information about the transaction value method from D-Memorandum 13. COMPUTED RESIDUAL METHOD-XIAOBING YANG Computed value (Section 52 of the Customs Act VFDC 18/28) The computed value method is used for the imported goods cannot determine the value for duty under any of the previous methods of valuation. Therefore, in order to determine a value for duty under the computed value method, it is important to collect the information form the country of the goods. In the section 52 of Customs Act, there are key elements to be consisted to computed value: The cost of materials employed in producing goods Costs to the production of imported goods Profit and general expenses. For example, a Canadian company A purchases equipment from a foreign firm B. The company A cannot apply the methods of valuation from the section 48-51 of the Customs Act, the value of duty is determined under section 52. There is example illustrate for the calculation of the computed value method. According to the section 52 of the Act, all the cost, charge, expenses are added to the goods. materials $16 Producing cost $12 Packing $1 assists $1 total $30 Profit General expenses 25% x30=$7.5 Value for duty $37.5 Residual Value (Section 53 of the Customs Act VFDC19/29) By XIAO BING YANG There are some importations that cannot be appraised on the basis of any of the values referred to previous methods, the value for duty of those goods would apply the residual method described in section 53. In fact, the residual value method does not provide the specific rules to determine value for duty. According to section 53 that allows for the flexible interpretation of one of previous methods in sequence. Also, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in applying section 53 of the Act, the value for duty is to be determined on the basis of information available in Canada (Customs Act)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In the real would, these are two import principles to determine the closer method under the section 53. WORK CITED CBSA. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Computed Value Method- Memorandum D13-8-1.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Govt.of Canada, Feb.04.2014.Web.17.Nov.2014. CBSA. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Residual Basis of Appraisal Method- Memorandum D.à ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã‚  Govt.of Canada, Nov.19.2013. Web.17.Nov.2014. TRANSACTION VALUE METHOD- GUOPING LU The transaction value is determined by ascertaining the price paid or paid for the goods when the goods are sold for export to Canada to a purchaser in Canada, and adjusting the price paid or payable in according to thesubsection 48(5)of the Customs Act. WTO summarized the transaction value as the primary source of appraisal on imported goods as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Price actually paid or payableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which means total payment. In determining the Transaction Value, the price paid or payable may be subject to additions or deductions. To the extent that they are not already included in the price paid or payable, amounts equal to the following are to be added: (a)certain commissions and brokerage; (b)all packing costs and charges; (c)the value of certain goods and services provided free or at a reduced charge by the purchaser for use in the production of the imported goods (assists); (d)certain royalties and licence fees; (e)the value of any proceeds from the subsequent resale, disposal, or use of the goods which accrue to the vendor; and (f)the costs of transportation and associated costs relating to the movement of the goods to and at the place from which the goods were shipped directly to Canada. To the extent that they are already included in the price paid or payable, amounts equal to the following are to be deducted: (a)the costs of transportation and associated costs relating to the movement of the goods from the place from which the goods were shipped directly to Canada; (b)certain costs, charges, or expenses incurred or arising after importation in respect of the goods being appraised; and (c)Canadian duties and taxes. Work cited CBSA. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Transaction Valuation- Memorandum D13-4-1.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Govt.of Canada, 17 April 2001.Web. 17 Nov.2014.

Rice Seeds Free Essays

Table 1 Shoot and root length of a dicot and a monocot seedling Shoot Length (cm)| Root length (cm)| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Average| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Average| Day 1| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| Day 2| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 1. 1| 1. 0| 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Rice Seeds or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2| 1. 0| 0| 0. 86| Day 3| 1| 0. 5| 1| 1| 1| 0. 9| 2| 2| 2| 2| 2. 1| 2. 02| Day 4| 1. 2| 1| 1| 1. 1| 1| 1. 6| 2. 5| 2. 5| 3| 3| 2. 5| 2. 7| Day 5| 2. 1| 2| 1. 3| 2| 1. 3| 1. 74| 3| 3. 1| 3. 2| 3. 2| 3| 3. 1| Day 6| 2. 1| 2. 1| 2. 1| 2. 1| 2. 1| 2. 1| 5| 3. 5| 4| 3| 5| 4. 1| Day 7| 2. 5| 2. 5| 2. 2| 2. 5| 2. 5| 2. 44| 5. 5| 4. 5| 5| 5| 5| 5| Table 2 Breaking dormancy of Leucaena leucophala seeds Treatment| % Germination| | R E P L I C A T I O N| | 1| 2| Average| Rubbing on sandpaper| 0%| 0%| 0%| Clipping| 0%| 1%| 0. 5%| Soaking in hot water (50 degrees Celcius)| 0%| 0%| 0%| Control| 6%| 0%| 3| The experiment has shown that by clipping the seeds perhaps germination of the seed can be attain. Rubbing the seed with sandpaper can break the dormancy as well as it can also break and kill the seed. Soaking the seeds in hot water can also break the hardness of the coat of the seed thus can also kill the developing parts of the seeds of the plant. Clipping can be considered as an effective way of breaking the dormancy of the seed thus in some unexpected ways or inaccurate work, the seeds may be damaged and may not germinate. Table 3. 1 Effect of initial moisture content on the storability of rice seeds I. Effect of initial moisture content on the storability of rice seeds Treatment| % Germination| | R E P L I C A T I O N| | 1| 2| Average| | After 3 days| After 7 days| After 3 days| After 7 days| | 11% moisture content| 12%| | 12%| | 16%| 20% moisture content| 0%| 16%| 0%| 12%| 14%| The results have shown that the rice seed treated with 11% moisture content have higher percent of germination as compared with the rice seed treated with 20% moisture content. Rice seeds are known to be an orthodox type of seeds. Orthodox type of seeds are seeds which are needed to be stored with low moisture content under conditions at low temperature and low humidity. This means that in order to attain and make the seeds germinate these seeds must be maintained at low moisture content. Table 3. 2 Storability of recalcitrant seeds Treatment| % Germination after one week| Freshly extracted| 80%| Stored for one week| 0%| The results have shown that the cacao seeds which are freshly extracted have higher percent of germination as compared with the cacao seeds stored for one week. Cacao seeds are known to be recalcitrant type of seeds. This means that this type of seeds should have been planted after they are extracted. These seeds should not be stored long to attain a high percent of germination. Since the seeds are stored for seven days or one week the seeds will no longer germinate because it has already dried up and this type of seed must be stored without reduction in their moisture. How to cite Rice Seeds, Essay examples

Tumor Lysis Syndrome free essay sample

Tumor Lysis Syndrome by NinjaMom Tumor Lysis Syndrome is a series of metabolic derangements which may begin shortly after the onset of treatment of malignancies. It can lead to any of the following:  · hyperphosphatemia · lactic acidosis (metabolic acidosis)  · hypocalcemia · hyperuricemia  · hyperkalemia · acute renal failure Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS):  · is caused by the destruction of many rapidly proliferating neoplastic cells  · is most commonly associated with a Burkitts lymphoma or acute lymphocytic leukemia  · can occur after treatment of nearly any malignancy  · occurs shortly (1-5 days) after onset of chemotherapy can occur spontaneously, but this is rare There are no definite parameters to diagnosing TLS, but there is a guideline as to how to measure disease severity. This is the Cairo-Bishop method. Laboratory TLS two or more of the following:  · uric acid level gt; 8 · potassium level gt; 6  · phosphorus level gt; 4. 5 · calcium level lt; 7 Clinical TLS any of the above laboratory values with an elevated serum creatinine, a new arrhythmia, seizure or sudden death Hyperphosphatemia  · caused by the release of intracellular phosphate pools within tumor cells  · causes a reciprocal decrease in serum calcium, which then causes the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the renal tubules and in the microvasculature, and can lead to acute renal failure  · treat with oral phosphate binders Hypocalcemia  · usually a reciprocal decrease caused by hyperphosphatemia  · QT prolongation  · positive Chvostek and Trousseaus signs  · bronchospasm, seizures, anxiety, tetany, encephalopathy, unexplained dementia or psychosis, parasthesias  · often resolves without intervention as the phosphate levels return to normal  · do NOT correct unless severe neurological symptoms present as this may predispose the patient to hypercalcemia as the phosphate levels normalize Hyperkalemia  · caused by intracellular potassium release from tumor lysis  · worsed with a metabolic acidosis  · shortened QT interval, peaked T waves, flattened P waves, prolonged PR interval, wide QRS, deep S wave, sine waves, ventricular arrhythmias, asystole, death  · often the first life-threatening abnormality identified  · treat with restriction of dietary potassium, kayexelate, and IV glucose and insulin  · if K gt; 6. We will write a custom essay sample on Tumor Lysis Syndrome or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5, calcium gluconate or calcium carbonate may be given for cardioprotecion Hyperuricemia  · caused by the rapid turnover of nucleic acids uric acid can precipitate in the tubules, medulla, and collecting ducts of the kidney  · elevated levels can lead to nausea/vomiting, arthralgias, and lethargy  · worsened by a metabolic acidosis  · treat with allopurinol  · may treat with rasburicase  · may magnify clinical hypocalcemia  · if prior treatment ineffective, acetazolamide may be used Metabolic Acidosis  · caused by release of endogenous intracellular acids  · elevated anion gap  · decreased serum bicarbonate levels  · decreased uric acid solubility  · increased calcium phosphate solubility Acute Renal Failure  · oligoanuric  · causes volume overload, pulmonary edema precipitated by uric acid crystallization, calcium phosphate crystallization  · if conservative medical management does not correct these abnormalities, emergent dialysis is warranted to prev ent permanent kidney damage The likelihood of developing TLS depends on several factors:  · tumor burden · renal function  · uric acid level · LDH level  · tumor sensitivity to treatment · elderly age Pre-treatment care:  · CBC · LDH level  · CMP · uric acid level  · ionized calcium · hydration  ·possible pre-alkalinization of the urine Post-treatment care:  · close monitoring for 48-72 hours after treatment continuous cardiac monitoring  · hydration  · BUNs TID  · measurement of urine pH TID  · dialysis if indicated References Berkow, Robert, M. D. et al, eds. Tumor Lysis Syndrome. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 13th ed. New Jersey: Merck Co. , Inc. 1977. Braunwald, Eugene, M. D. et al, eds. Tumor Lysis Syndrome. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Fernandez, Pedro, M. D. , Richard Larson, M. D. , and Zalman Agus, M. D. Tumor Lysis Syndrome. www. uptodate. com 2007. Ikeda, Alan, M. D. et al. Tumor Lysis Syndrome. www. emedicine. com. 2006.

Washington DC free essay sample

My bill is the next on the docket. It’s the middle of the day at the JSA convention in Washington D.C.. It’s my turn to say what I think should be done. You’ve done this over and over. You’ve got this. I walk up to the podium and give the speech I have repeated over and over in my head for days. It goes well. I sit down and talk to my friends, one of whom I’ve known for a while and the other I have just met. We hear the con speech next and subsequent speeches by either side. I appear to have support and it should be close. Finally, we take a vote. Apparently the speech didn’t go well. My bill didn’t pass. I ask my partner, who is doing his speech in the House of Representatives section, if it passed in his room. We will write a custom essay sample on Washington DC or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It didn’t pass there, either. I don’t get to take my bill before the full congress, but that doesn’t mean I’m done with the convention. I still have two days left to listen to the other 800 people talk about what they think is right. I still get to voice my opinion on these issues. I still get the chance to decide whose bills pass and whose don’t. My bill didn’t pass this year, but next year I will be back to try again.

buy custom The Work of an Information Technology essay

buy custom The Work of an Information Technology essay The work of an Information Technology professional focuses on the use of technology in developing an organization with information services. The work entails networking, installation of backup or recovery systems, domain setup, and hardware installation. Work in the context of an It professional in a university entails providing infrastructure services for the institution. Some of these services include project management, linking users to IT services and process improvement, for instance, an Information Technology Infrastructure Library. The main aim of an IT professional in such an institution is to ensure that sound infrastructure links the organizations technical and service structure thus; provide a conducive environment for learning. The impact of IT work can be seen in the improvement of effectiveness of service delivery to students and staff, a very important facet in organizational development (Marilu, Kathleen Keith 2006). The outcome of the work conducted by IT professionals entails putting efforts on all members of the organization to work towards improving organizational operations. This will enable the organization to serve its students and staff while fulfilling its mission and vision. These operations can only be achieved if the information technology systems are well installed and operated. Information security is the one of the key challenges facing IT professionals. Every person is using the web to exploit opportunities and rsources that come with it. However, there are also people and organizations who have already spelt doom for the IT profession. Hackers use the same web to attack and bring down information systems belonging to various organizations. In the past, companies relied on IT professional in managing computer, information, and network security. The increasing threat to the systems has forced companies to hire information security personnel to help in managing all security issues. The other challenge is that IT experts need to undergo further training than in the past. They have to be trained in engineering security and operations management among other complex issues that surround information sensitive organizations. IT experts have to be knowledgeable in the novel technologies used in e-commerce. Most organizations embrace these new technologies without knowing that even the hackers are developing novel ways of hacking. New systems are of key interest to hackers since most organizations are not conversant with their operations. It is vital to note that, an IT professional has to think ahead, brainstorm any imaginable threat like fraud, and mitigate it. E-commerce sector comprises of Business-to-Business enterprises and Business-to-Customer. The problem of network security is a very big issue to the IT professionals. Trojans, worms and viruses can be sent through constant e-mails, spam, and messages that may appear to be of no harm to many people and organizations. IT professionals have many opportunities in the Information Technology sector. One can train as an IT information expert and his work will be to detect any threat to the information systems of an organization. IT professionals can also use their skills to build systems that are hacker-proof and sell to several organizations. On the same line, they can take advantage of the knowledge in their field and use it to establish e-commerce activities that will earn them income. In the real world development, for instance, in Kansas University, IT professionals have set up an information systems that enables the university to achieve its goals. Information services delivery has been very effective especially with the set up of an information system library that is in use by both students and staff. The structure of information services at the university enables students to access services, thus the creation of an organizational learning infrastructure. The challenges at the University involve safeguarding the information systems from hackers (Sambamurthy, Brown, 1999). The networks have also to be protected since hacking may damage the whole network. The opportunities involve working as an information security expert to mitigate the threats posed by hackers. In my opinion, the IT field is full of many opportunities for students who intend to study this field. One can work as an information security expert, design systems that are hacker-proof or start an e-commerce enterprise. Buy custom The Work of an Information Technology essay

Fan Crimes at Sporting Events Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fan Crimes at Sporting Events - Research Paper Example This has been an ongoing problem for many years, despite efforts to curb the behavior, such as preventing many stadiums from selling alcohol on the premises. Criminal activities among fans at sporting games tend to focus around violence against other fans, but they also include vandalism, rioting behavior and other criminal acts. These acts are driven by the interaction of a number of different factors, including the fierce loyalty that many fans have towards their teams, the atmosphere present at a sporting event, the emotions that are associated with the outcome of the game, the size of the crowd and the presence of alcohol. These factors interact to produce a charged atmosphere, where it is easy for fans to take events or conversations out of context and to react in an extreme manner. Not all attendees of a sporting event are the same. They come to the event with different desires and for different reasons. Many are casual watchers, who enjoy viewing the game, are not overly conce rned about the outcome and who like the atmosphere that is present. However, some fans are more devoted to their team, and whether they win or lose is of significant consequence to these fans, and they can often feel cheated or disheartened if their team loses. This is particularly true if there was some aspect of the game that is contested, such as when it is not evident whether a move by the opposing team was legal. These are the fans. They have one team that they follow and consider to be their own. They will attend as many games, which their team is in as possible, and listen to information on the game on television or radio if attending is not possible. Many fans wear their team colors to games or team shirts in day-to-day life. Others will paint their faces or carry props associated with their team to the game . For fans, there is a lot at stake in any game, and regardless of the result, emotions will run high. A sporting event consists of two teams playing each other; one of which will win and the other will lose (except in the case of a draw, which is only possible in some sporting games). Whatever the outcome of the game is, some observers will be pleased with it and others will be upset. The sports event environment involves a strong clash of cultures as each team has its own fans that have their own distinct opinions, beliefs and desires. This can be especially prevalent where the two teams are from different states or different countries. Additionally, sports games have the ability to draw in large crowds of fans and the concentration of people can increase the opportunity for altercations or disputes to occur between the fans . The polarity between the sets of fans alone is often enough to cause disputes as there are occasional, although much rarer, reports of fan altercation outside of a sports event. For example, in some American cities, wearing a shirt of an opposing team will result in substantial heckling. In a sporting event, not only is thi s polarity present, but these fans are in a confined space for many hours with many other people, some of who they agree with, some that they do not. Alcohol is often seen as a playing a pivotal role in the behavior of fans at a sporting event. It is well known to decrease inhibitions and has been documented to result in an increase in aggressive behavior, an effect that is intensified when the fans are already frustrated , such as from a game that is not going well or from

Measurement and Instrumentation LVDT sheet Lab Report

Measurement and Instrumentation LVDT sheet - Lab Report Example The device consists of a primary winding (P) and two secondary windings named S1 and S2. Both of them are wound on one cylindrical former, side by side, and they have equal number of turns. Their arrangement is such that they maintain symmetry with either side of the primary winding (P). A movable soft iron core is placed parallel to the axis of the cylindrical former. An arm is connected to the other end of the soft iron core and it moves according to the displacement produced. The LVDT is also used as a secondary transducer in various measurement systems. A primary transducer is used to convert the measurand into a displacement (Scholey et al.,1995). The LVDT is then used to measure that displacement. Examples are: The graph above shows the plot between the resulting voltage or voltage difference and displacement. The graph clearly shows that a linear function is obtained between the output voltage and core movement from the null position within a limited range of 4 millimeter. The results showed that there is linear relationship between displacement and voltage and this relationship continues till the maximum displacement of 40 mm, after that output voltage was decreased drastically towards negative side. The results revealed that there is very strong repeatability in LVTD as show in fig. (2). There is almost no difference in output voltage when the experiment was replicated second time. These results are supported by the findings of other researchers who reported the similar results. (Tariq et al., 2002 ; Wu et al., 2008 and Drumea et al., 2006). It is evident from the data that the instrument has high sensitivity, resolution and repeatability. Maintains a linear relationship between the voltage difference output and displacement from each position of the core for a displacement of up to 40 millimeter. Scholey, G. K., Frost, J. D., Lo Presti, D. C. F., & Jamiolkowski, M. (1995). A review of instrumentation

Is Genetic Engineering Ethically Right Philosophy Essay

Is Genetic Engineering Ethically Right Philosophy Essay Is genetic engineering ethically right? Ethics are standards of right and wrong, good and bad. Ethics is the system of moral principles. They influence how people make decisions and guide their lives. Ethics are concerned with what you must to do to fulfill your moral duty. There are two aspects to ethics which are being able to determine what is right or wrong, good or bad and Committing to doing what is right and good. Furthermore being ethical is more than understanding what is the right thing to do therefore you should avoid wrong and bad. Genetic engineering was discovered in 1970. It involves changing the genetic material form organisms. It often involves taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the genetic structure of another organism. It gives the power to change many aspects of nature and could result in a lot of life saving treatment. Genetic engineering is also known as genetic modification or genetic manipulation. There are several areas of genetic engineering for example genetic engineering of animals, crops, embryos, human cells and cloning. Cloning a human performed by taking genetic materials from one or more human and genetically engineering them into the genes of another human, the first mammal to be cloned is Dolly the sheep. Researchers grow some cells from the organism to be cloned, and remove the nucleus from an unfertilized egg cell. They then take one of the cultured cells and implant it in its entirety into the coating around the egg. Then electroshock the egg to cause the two cells to fuse, and implant the new embryo into a surrogate mother. When the baby is born, two genetically identical individuals of different ages and with different birth parents will exist, therefore the original human will have been cloned. Cloning can be useful if there was a situation a couple has one child and they become infertile and cannot have any more children. Cloning would help them to have a second child but it will a younger twin of the child they already have. Moreover if child is lost soon after birth or in a tragic accid ent they could have their baby or child back by cloning them but it would be like a twin unique individuals they will not have the same characteristics. There are small group of people that support cloning. Supporters of cloning that cloning is unethical than growing a plant from a cutting or giving birth to identical twins, both of which involve two separate and distinct organisms with identical genomes. Since identical twins have the exact same genome, but still grow up with different personalities, clones are raised in entirely different time periods and social backgrounds will be entirely individual despite identical genes. Therefore for the supporters cloning is just another scientific topic and they assume it will become a reproductive choice, and those who wish to clone then selves must have the rights to do. Finally the large majority of people argue that cloning humans is both unnatural and unethical. For instance the cloned child wouldnt have a genetic mother or father it would have a single nuclear donor. For instance if a man cloned himself that child would be a new category of relationship to him as his clone, the child cannot be his son or his twin brother therefore the child would face lots of problems when growing up, other childrens at school will have parents but this child wouldnt. Many religions such as Hindu and Islam also object to cloning, they claim that it is playing God. Genetic engineering of animals includes manipulation of genes in animals of any species. Genetic engineering of animals could have been taking place for thousands of years as humans have chosen which characteristics they like in an animal and its appearance. They have performed this in the form of selective breeding they have then breed these animals in a variety of ways. There are three types of genetic engineering that can be used on animals, these are Xenografting- this is performed by using the human DNA to supplement an animal or vice versa and example if this is animal valves and tissue been used in humans. The human body accepts pig valves and hearts this is because the scientists believe that the DNA of pig heart valves was similar enough to humans and that they were interchangeable under some circumstances. They are hoping to make pigs grow human hearts that were coded by the DNA from humans which has not yet reached for clinical trials. If this was successful many of the pe ople lives can be saved using the pigs heart therefore the clients no longer need to wait for human heart. Cloning of animal using the DNA of one animal to another animal with the identical genetic information an example of this is Dolly the sheep. This is done by inserting the DNA of one animal into the foetus of the same species. There are befits on it has great potential as a money making industry and also in producing genetically identical animals for testing and reproduce and clone for example cloning the best cows that produce the most milk or meat this can be quick and cheap for farmers. Finally manipulation this is the changing of animal DNA. An example of this is when scientists had a successful attempt where they genetically engineered a pig to produce human insulin that can be used to treat diabetes, this is very beneficial to humans and it is being used medically to treat type one diabetes. Another type of genetic engineering is genetic modification of embryo also known as designer baby. In genetic engineering ethical issues involved. Ethics Xenografting deals with both human and animal there are ethics involved with both groups. Xenografting gives animals human DNA and human animals DNA. This can question people because an animal cannot contain human DNA as it would not be an animal if it did. Furthermore animals are a step down from human in the food chart therefore if a chicken contain human DNA human might not want to eat something that has the same DNA. What are the current and potential benefits that make genetic engineering of animals worth while? How does the chemical based genetic modification differ from the age old process of selective breeding? Should companies be allowed to patent the genetic modification of an animal? If not, what steps can they take to protect their research? There are endless amounts of questions involved in genetic engineering in general but I think the decisions are particularly jarring with animals because they are very similar to humans; more so than plants. Are humans ready to handle a future where their bloodlines may include animal genes from someone who got a pig/human heart transplant? For genetic engineering of animals to be useful and practical humans must come to grips with coming into contact with animals that contain human genes and vice versa. There may be humans with pig hearts in the very near future. There are also risks associated with any kind of genetic engineering, but if society can agree with it on a basic level it will lead to a lot of good. There is a huge amount of money invested already and even more waiting for a chance. Genetic engineering is the thing of the future. Religious beliefs may be tested, genetic engineering of animals may not be part of the future, but in some form genetic engineering as a whole will have a profound impact on our future. Once genetic engineering of animals is accepted a big issue is the relationship between science and money. Genetic engineering is advancing thanks to the large amounts of green given by corporations who see it as an investment. If they can increase milk production in cows or make animal/human organs that are not susceptible to rejection they will be rich. This kind of research and development has potential as a money making device, a research tool, and in medicine. Conflicts Between Industry and Medicine The battle is between private investments and other money, government and private, looking to advance the science. On one hand genetic engineering of animals has great promise. It could solve the shortage of organs which kills thousands of people each year as they wait in line for an organ they may receive too late. This is something that has great promise as an investment and an asset to society. There are other more short termed money making research projects that debase the scientific community and hurt the welfare of society. These are things associated seldom with the medical field but more often with production. For example the use BGH (Bovine Growth Hormone) in cows to increase their milk production. This was not an medical concern and it has few benefits, except for cutting down on grazing land, but enough milk was already being produced. These production minded projects taint the medical promise of genetic engineering and turn it into a dangerous money making scheme. There a re many risks associated w ith genetic engineering. It is a field that is not completely understood and there are many risks involved; disease (both for one generation or genetically based), infection from animal genes, and a restriction of the genetic base (like inbreeding) with more to come. Genetic engineering will be a part of our future and DNA from non-human animals has already been useful. Soon this explosive new industry will find its limits within societys morals. Cloning Cloning in animals can be accomplished by inserting the DNA of one animal into the fetus of the same specie along with a vector which gets cleans out the DNA already in the embryo. Sometimes the vector does not get rid of the original DNA of the fetus or the fetus does not adopt the new DNA. It took 277 attempts for the scientists to clone Dolly from the skin cell of a six year old. This shows some of the shortcomings of cloning that are likely to change with time. Currently scientists have trouble cloning embryos without miscarriages. The embryos that do take to the new DNA also have a greater likelihood of mutations. An additional problem stems from the fact that the cells come from other animals. Dollys DNA came from a six year old lamb. Now some of the worries, based on chromosome tests of Dollys cells, relate to the fact that while Dolly is only one year old some of her chromosomes have mutations that are common in much older sheep. This means that while Dolly is only one year old she may also have cha racteristics or cells that are seven years old. There are also questions about whether or not the cloned animals will be fertile. Dolly is almost old enough to reproduce now and this will be one test of whether or not cloned animals can be fertile. However, scientists will still want to look at a larger sample size before they decide whether or not cloned animals are infertile. There have been other instances where animals have been successfully cloned. Cloning has great potential as a money making industry and also in producing genetically identical animals for testing. Much of the cloning research in animals thus far has been focused on cattle. There would be great demand for a technology that could reproduce the best cows (produce the most milk, or meat, etc.) quickly and cheaply. Gene Manipulation Thus far the scientists have had bad results trying to manipulate animal genes. There have been good results but many of the studies are still pending. One successful attempt has been the engineering of a pig to produce human insulin that can be used to treat diabetes. Research is also being conducted at both Dartmouth and Duke University over using pigs hearts that have enough human characteristics to keep from being rejected by humans. These pigs would be used for heart and valve transplants. Some of the problems are the difficulty involved with doctoring the genes of a higher level organism and the differences that still exist between humans and animals. Even once pig hearts can be used in humans they will still have a different circulatory system and life expectancy to contend with among other problems. Manipulation-The changing of animal DNA. Genehis means that science can engineer farm animals to grow faster, have healthier meat and flesh, and be less able to feel the pain and suffering often associated with the conditions present in modern factory farms.   Genetically engineered animals are also created to help medical researchers in their quest to find cures for genetic disease, like breast cancer.  Ã‚  Finally, endangered animal species can be cloned, thus helping wildlife management in its goals of preserving wild populations of the earths biological diversity, and by ensuring that endangered animals genetic information will not be lost when the last of the species dies.   This use of modern technology is not without its drawbacks or its critics.  Ã‚  By genetically engineering farm and research animals, critics argue, we may be undoing what nature has worked to create over millions of years.  Ã‚  Natural animals are specifically adapted to a given environment and when science manipulates the genes of a few species in the ecosystem, the entire balance of the ecosystem might fall completely apart causing an unknown number of natural animal species to grow ever extinct.  Others argue that animals should possess, at a bare minimum, the right to be free of genetic manipulation or a reduction in their natural abilities.   Despite this debate, the law in both the United States and in Europe, tends to support genetic engineering research and development by allowing genetically engineered animals to be patented.  Ã‚  Patents give scientists a monopoly over their genetically engineered animal species, something before unheard of in modern economic systems.  Typically, animals could be owned, but never entire species.   Regardless, we must not wait and see what the effects genetic engineering animals will have on the earth.  Ã‚  We must form educated opinions, lobby for government regulation, and hope that whatever direction that bioengineering takes us, is a positive step towards decreased animal suffering, increased environmental sustainability, and an overall compassionate regard for the earth and its precious life. http://www.animallaw.info/topics/tabbed%20topic%20page/spusgenengin.htm The ethical issue of cloning humans has been a debatable topic, for example the controversy over Dolly, the first cloned mammal. Supporters of cloning argue that it is no more unnatural than binary fission, the process by which bacteria reproduce to produce identical copies of themselves; they go on to state that cloning is no more unethical than growing a plant from a cutting or giving birth to identical twins, both of which involve two separate and distinct organisms with identical genomes. Since identical twins have the exact same genome, but still grow up with different personalities, clones raised in entirely different time periods and social contexts will be entirely individual despite identical genes. In this view, cloning is just another scientific topic and will become just another reproductive option, and those who wish to research cloning or to be cloned should not be stopped. There is a small group of people who oppose cloning or at least stop on it for the time being for practical, not moral or ethical, reasons. These people argue that cloning is ethically acceptable, but practically unsound because of the resultant decrease in the genetic diversity of the human gene pool. They also advise more extensive experiments on the effects of cloning on animals before human beings are cloned. Finally, a large majority of people argue that cloning humans is both unnatural and unethical. They cite fears that include: peoples individuality being impaired or ruined due to cloning technologies; aggressor nations creating armies of cloned soldiers to assault other nations; overpopulation due to sudden ease of reproduction; depletion of the human gene pool; and a number of concerns about the moral status of clones. Some go so far as to postulate a stratified society divided into the cloned and the uncloned, and fears about eugenics or of reserving cloning technology to the genetically desirable generally surface. Many religions also object to cloning, again by claiming that it is playing God. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml http://www.sbctc.edu/public/trustees/what_are_ethics.pdf ******** http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/evolution/reproductionrev6.shtml http://library.thinkquest.org genetically modified animals ethics read on it http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078015/ https://govhs.org/vhsweb/Gallery.nsf/Files/Genetic+Engineering,+a+group+project/$file/animal.html http://www.humancloning.org/benefits.php

Minor capacity judgement Essay

Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Options Dock Print PDF Court :  Kolkata Reported in :  (1903)30IndianAppeals114 Judge :  Lord Macnaghten; Lord Davey; Lord Lindley; Sir Ford North; Sir Andrew Scoble; Sir Andrew Wilson, JJ. Decided On :  Mar-04-1903 Acts :  Indian Evidence Act, 1877 – Section 115; Indian Contract Act – Sections 41, 19, 64, 65 Appellant :  Mohori Bibee and another Respondent :  Dharmodas Ghose Advocate for Respondent :  W. W. Box, Adv. Advocate for Appellant :  Watkins; Lempriere, Advs. Judgment: SIR FORD NORTH, J. On July 20, 1895, the respondent, Dhurmodas Ghose, executed a mortgage in favour of Brahmo Dutt, a money-lender carrying on business at Calcutta and elsewhere, to secure the repayment of Rs. 20,000 at 12 per cent. interest on some houses belonging to the respondent. The amount actually advanced is in dispute. At that time the respondent was an infant; and he did not attain twenty-one until the month of September following. Throughout the transaction Brahmo Dutt was absent from Calcutta, and the whole business was carried through for him by his attorney, Kedar Nath Mitter, the money being found by Dedraj, the local manager of Brahmo Dutt. While considering the proposed advance, Kedar Nath received information that the respondent was still a minor; and on July 15, 1895, the following letter was written and sent to him by Bhupendra Nath Bose, an attorney:— â€Å"Dear Sir,—I am instructed by S. M. Jogendranundinee Dasi, the mother and guardian appointed by the High Court under its letters patent of the person and property of Babu Dhurmodas Ghose, that a mortgage of the properties of the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is being prepared from your office. I am instructed to give you notice, which I hereby do, that the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is still an infant under the age of twenty-one, and any one lending money to him will do so at his own risk and peril. † Kedar Nath positively denied the receipt of any such letter; but the Court of first instance and the Appellate Court both held that he did personally receive it on July 15; and the evidence is conclusive upon the point. On the day on which the mortgage was executed, Kedar Nath got the infant to sign a long declaration, which, he had prepared for him, containing a statement that he came of age on June 17; and that Babu Dedraj and Brahmo Dutt, relying on his assurance that he had attained his majority, had agreed to advance to him Rs. 0,000. There is conflicting evidence as to the time when and circumstances under which that declaration was obtained; but it is unnecessary to go into this, as both Courts below have held that Kedar Nath did not act upon, and was not misled by, that statement, and was fully aware at the time the mortgage was executed of the minority of the respondent. It may be added here that Kedar Nath was the attorney and agent of Brahmo Dutt, and says in his evidence that he got the declaration for the greater security of his â€Å"client. † The infant had not any separate legal adviser. On September 10, 1895, the infant, by his mother and guardian as next friend, commenced this action against Brahmo Dutt, stating that he was under age when he executed the mortgage, and praying for a declaration that it was void and inoperative, and should be delivered up to be cancelled. The defendant, Brahmo Dutt, put in a defence that the plaintiff was of full age when he executed the mortgage; that neither he nor Kedar Nath had any notice that the plaintiff was then an infant; that, even if he was a minor, the declaration as to his age was fraudulently made to deceive the defendant, and disentitled the plaintiff to any relief; and that in any case the Court should not grant the plaintiff any relief without making him repay the moneys advanced. By a further statement the defendant alleged that the plaintiff had ubsequently ratified the mortgage; but this case wholly failed, and is not the subject of appeal. Jenkins J. , who presided in the Court of first instance, found the facts as above stated, and granted the relief asked. And the Appellate Court dismissed the appeal from him. Subsequently to the institution of the present appeal Brahmo Dutt died, and this appeal has been prosecuted by his executors. The first of the appellants’ reasons in support of the present appeal is that the Courts below were wrong in holding that the knowledge of Kedar Nath must be imputed to the defendant. In their Lordships’ opinion they were obviously right. The defendant was absent from Calcutta, and personally did not take any part in the transaction. It was entirely in charge of Kedar Nath, whose full authority to act as he did is not disputed. He stood in the place of the defendant for the purposes of this mortgage; and his acts and knowledge were the acts and knowledge of his principal. It was contended that Dedraj, the defendant’s gomastha, was the real representative in Calcutta of the defendant, and that he had no knowledge of the plaintiff’s minority. But there is nothing in this. He no doubt made the advance out of the defendant’s funds. But he says in his evidence that â€Å"Kedar Babu was acting on behalf of my master from the beginning in this matter†; and a little further on he adds that before the registration of the mortgage he did not communicate with his master on the subject of the minority. But he did know that there was a question raised as to the plaintiff’s age; and he says, â€Å"I left all matters regarding the minority in the hands of Kedar Babu. † The appellants’ counsel contended that the plaintiff is estopped by s. 115 of the Indian Evidence Act (I. f 1872) from setting up that he was an infant when he executed the mortgage. The section is as follows: â€Å"Estoppel. When one person has by his declaration act or omission intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true, and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed in any suit or proceeding b etween himself and such person or his representative to deny the truth of that thing. † The Courts below seem to have decided that this section does not apply to infants; but their Lordships do not think it necessary to deal with that question now. They consider it clear that the section does not apply to a case like the present, where the statement relied upon is made to a person who knows the real facts and is not misled by the untrue statement. There can be no estoppel where the truth of the matter is known to both parties, and their Lordships hold, in accordance with English authorities, that a false representation, made to a person who knows it to be false, is not such a fraud as to take away the privilege of infancy: Nelson v. Stocker. 0 The same principle is recognised in the explanation to s. 19 of the Indian Contract Act, in which it is said that a fraud or misrepresentation which did not cause the consent to a contract of the party on whom such fraud was practised, or to whom such misrepresentation was made, does not render a contract voidable. The point most pressed, however, on behalf of the appellants was that the Courts ought not to have decreed in the respondent’s favour without ordering him to repay to th e appellants the sum of Rs. 0,500, said to have been paid to him as part of the consideration for the mortgage. And in support of this contention s. 64 of the Contract Act (IX. of 1872) was relied on:— â€Å"Sect. 64. When a person at whose option a contract is voidable rescinds it, the other party thereto need not perform any promise therein contained of which he is promisor. The party rescinding a voidable contract shall, if he have received any benefit thereunder from another party to such contract, restore such benefit, so far as may be, to the person from whom it was received.    Both Courts below held that they were bound by authority to treat the contracts of infants as voidable only, and not void; but that this section only refers to contracts made by persons competent to contract, and therefore not to infants. The general current of decision in India certainly is that ever since the passing of the Indian Contract Act (IX, of 1872) the contracts of infants are void able only. This conclusion, however, has not been arrived at without vigorous protests by various judges from time to time; nor indeed without decisions to the contrary effect. Under these circumstances, their Lordships consider themselves at liberty to act on their own view of the law as declared by the Contract Act, and they have thought it right to have the case reargued before them upon this point. They do not consider it necessary to examine in detail the numerous decisions above referred to, as in their opinion the whole question turns upon what is the true construction of the Contract Act itself. It is necessary, therefore, to consider carefully the terms of that Act; but before doing so it may be convenient to refer to the Transfer of Property Act (IV of 1882), s. of which provides that every person competent to contract and entitled to transferable property. . . . is competent to transfer such property. . . . in the circumstances, to the extent, and in the manner allowed and prescribed by any law for the time bring in force. That is the Act under which the present mortgage was made, and it is merely dealing with persons competent to contract; and s . 4 of that Act provides that the chapters and sections of that Act which relate to contracts are to be taken as part of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The present case, therefore, falls within the provisions of the latter Act. Then, to turn to the Contract Act, s. 2 provides: (e) Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an agreement. (g) An agreement not enforceable by law is said to be void. (h) An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. (i) An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of the other or others, is a voidable contract. Sect. 0 provides: â€Å"All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. † Then s. 11 is most important, as defining who are meant by â€Å"persons competent to contract†; it is as follows; â€Å"Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is o f sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. † Looking at these sections, their Lordships are atisfied that the Act makes it essential that all contracting parties should be â€Å"competent to contract,† and expressly provides that a person who by reason of infancy is incompetent to contract cannot make a contract within the meaning of the Act. This is clearly borne out by later sections in the Act. Sect. 68 provides that, â€Å"If a person incapable of entering into a contract, or any one whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person. It is beyond question that an infant falls within the class of persons here referred to as incapable of entering into a contract; and it is clear from the Act that he is not to be liable even for necessaries, a nd that no demand in respect thereof is enforceable against him by law, though a statutory claim is created against his property. Under ss. 183 and 184 no person under the age of majority can employ or be an agent. Again, under ss. 47 and 248, although a person under majority may be admitted to the benefits of a partnership, he cannot be made personally liable for any of its obligations; although he may on attaining majority accept those obligations if he thinks fit to do so. The question whether a contract is void or voidable presupposes the existence of a contract within the meaning of the Act, and cannot arise in the case of an infant. Their Lordships are, therefore, of opinion that in the present case there is not any such voidable contract as is dealt with in s. 64. A new point was raised here by the appellants’ counsel, founded on s. 5 of the Contract Act, a section not referred to in the Courts below, or in the cases of the appellants or respondent. It is sufficient to say that this section, like s. 64. starts from the basis of there being an agreement or contract between competent parties, and has no application to a case in which there never was, and never could have been, any contract. It was further argued that the preamble of the Act shewed that the Act was only intended to define and amend certain parts of the law relating to contracts, and that contracts by infants were left outside the Act. If this were so, it does not appear how it would help the appellants. But in their Lordships’ opinion the Act, so far as it goes, is exhaustive and imperative, and does provide in clear language that an infant is not a person competent to bind himself by a contract of this description. Another enactment relied upon as a reason why the mortgage money should be returned is s. 41 of the Specific Relief Act (I. of 1877), which is as follows: â€Å"Sect. 41. On adjudging the cancellation of an instrument the Court may require the party to whom such relief is granted to make any compensation to the other which justice may require. Sect. 38 provides in similar terms for a case of rescission of a contract. These sections, no doubt, do give a discretion to the Court; but the Court of first instance, and subsequently the Appellate Court, in the exercise of such discretion, came to the conclusion that under the circumstances of this case justice did not require them to order the return by the respondent of money advanced to him with full knowledge of his infancy, and their Lordships see no reason for interfering with the discretion so exercised. It was also contended that one who seeks equity must do equity. But this is the last point over again, and does not require further notice except by referring to a recent decision of the Court of Appeal in Thurstan v. Nottingham Permanent Benefit Building Society21, since affirmed by the House of Lords. 22 In that case a female infant obtained from the society of which she was a member part of the purchase-money of some property she purchased; and the society also agreed to make her advances to complete certain buildings thereon. They made the advances, and took from her a mortgage for the amount. On attaining twenty-one she brought the action to have the mortgage declared void under the Infants Relief Act. The Court held that, as regards the purchase-money paid to the vendor, the society was entitled to stand in his place and had a lien upon the property, but that the mortgage must be declared void, and that the society was not entitled to any repayment of the advances. Dealing with this part of their claim Romer L. J, says23: â€Å"The short answer is that a Court of Equity cannot say that it is equitable to compel a person to pay any moneys in respect of a transaction which as against that person the Legislature has declared to be void. So here. Their Lordships observe that the construction which they have put upon the Contract Act seems to be in accordance with the old Hindu Law as declared in the laws of Menu, ch. viii. 163; and Colebrooke’s Dig. liii. 2, vol. ii. p. 181; although there are no doubt, decisions of some weight that before the Indian Contract Act an infant’s contract was voidable only in accordance with English law as it then stood. The appeal, therefore, wholly fails; and their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that it should be dismissed. The appellants must pay the costs of the appeal.

Business Competition Essay

Abstract   In this paper, I am discussing the relevance of the peaceful humanitarian cocept to the hard environment of business compeition. The paper will elaborate types of competition and how they exist in the global world. The paper also reveals shortly on their roles and benefits in the global world. In the final chapter, the paper discovers that the latest developmet of business practices gave birth to further tendencies toward the peaceful humaitarian concept. The increasing practice of CSR concepts is an indication that the peaceful competition atmosphere is gaining attention within the business world. Business Competition Proposition:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The nature of competition in modern business environment can co-exist with the peaceful humanitarian ideals Introduction Business and competition has always been inseparable activities in life. Furthermore, as activities of business became the most important activities of our lives, we identify our world with competition and competitive acts. In the midst of this hard and competitive world, we often forgot that we do not exist simply to do business; instead, we do business in order to maintain our existence. In the light of this logic, we should be able to comprehend the role of business as one of the facilitators of life and not becoming life itself. Life on the other hand, is depending on how we choose to live. Mother Theresa, one of the most loved humanitarian in the world, often stated that in the midst of all the hub-hubs, people tend to loose their inner peace, in the sense that they forget what they live for or what makes their life valuable. In one of the speech, she stated that this is caused by the tendencies of our environment. Mother Theresa stated that we lost of sense of peace in life because we forget how to care for each other and co-exist in peace. In this paper, I am trying to address the relevance of these humanitarian ideals to the modern business environment. Can there be peace among the competitive nature of the business environment and the peaceful ideals of the humanitarian concept? The paper will display some arguments regarding this topic (‘Competition vs Cooperation’, 2007). Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short, business understanding, competition is the act of striving against other for dominance or attainment of goals. Today, the term is familiar to us in various fields like politics, sports, business, etc. In this paper however, we are aiming to focus on business competitions rather than other types of competitions. Levels of Competitions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In business competition has slightly different definition than in other respects. It is the independent effort of two or more parties to secure business by offering the most favorable terms and business conditions to the third party. Competition in the world of business can be found right in heart of every business endeavors themselves. Experts identified three types of competition in its relevance to business. The first type is called direct competition. Direct competition is the field where products that has the same functions compete against each other. Business conditions could lead owners and managers to avoid such competition by differentiating product features, or to seek for it by offering the products with similar virtues as others (Kohn, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second type of competition in business is called substitute competition. These means products and services that substitute for each other compete. Business competition can also lead managers to create substitution products to take away a part of the market share from their competitors. The third type of competition in business endeavors is called the budget competition. This is the general form of competition in business. It involves competing for consumer’s disposable income. This means that in the business world, any products with any feature are generally in competition with one another.   Different Forms of Competitions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides existing in different levels, competition in the business world also exist in different forms. For instance, competition exists whether internally or externally within most companies. Beside the external competition we are accustomed with, there is the internal competition that occurs within companies. Often, managers of the company themselves created the competitive atmosphere inside the corporate structure. Sometimes, this is done by deliberately creating overlapping areas which causes divisions to compete against each other. Furthermore, the leader of the company can also instill competition between different product managers or brand mangers. They can compete in terms of sales or growth of sales of the products or brands under their responsibility (Ryckman, 1994). Business Competition and Its Global Practices In the increasingly global atmosphere of competition, companies are now fighting not only against its neighbor companies, but also companies that headquartered thousands of miles away. The prevalence of communication and information technology has allowed this condition. Companies are creating businesses regardless of national and cultural boundaries. Some countries however, reacted by limiting the competition that might occur within their territories by restricting trade activities to certain levels. Because competition is subject to legal restrictions in most independent countries, it can be legally prohibited using monetary or fiscal tools and also trade barriers (Kohn, 1986).. However, instead of limiting competition between them, countries can compete against each other using competition policies and competition law. The competitions between countries are often varying subtle and hard to detect, however, their presence in the global economy are apparent for business observers. For instance, the United States, Japan, and The European Union are always in fierce but disguised competition to achieve economic supremacy in the global markets (Kohn, 1986). Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the tension and difficulties created by competition, most have understood that competition is a natural part of life. By this, I mean that along with its good and bad effects, the human race will always need competition to survive. This is proven by researches in the biology field, where competition created adaptation and the tendency to constantly improve oneself. In the business world, competition is seen as the pillar of capitalism itself. Competition in the business world stimulates creativity and innovation, supports eficency, lowering prices and enhances product qualities. Competition is also the reason why companies develop new technologies, new products and new services, which provided us better and broader product selection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, competition is also recognized for its negative effects. It leads to duplicated effort and in some conditions, increased costs. Competition often leads to stressful way of life and destructive behaviors. Psychologically, over-competition will create a highly stressful environment which is horrible for a human soul. Materially, competition could lead to unjust acts of economic endeavors. Frauds and similar activities ruin the image of business as they are finally revealed to the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, I personally believe that even the harsh competitive world of business has its compatibility with ideals of humectation concepts. For instance, recent development indicated the prevalence of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) demands and initiatives. People are starting to realize that companies are also parts of the society which contains the obligations to co-exist in harmony within its environment. Companies are now demanded that they take full responsibility for their actions in consideration of the economic, social and environmental issues. Ethical concerns and competition laws are gaining people’s attention in evaluating corporate performance. Companies are actually loosing customers for their bad social values (Leef, 1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observing the latest development in the world of business, we can conclude that the humanitarian principles have taken their place in business activities. People in general have started to develop the sense that business endeavors should not be above the values of life. In a sense, the practice of business must now take account of social values and environmental concerns. Although we haven’t seen such a development that would allow Mother Theresa’s philosophy of peace to be the guiding light for global business practices, but the direction of today’s development indicated that the scenario of a peaceful competition atmosphere as suggested by Mother Theresa is gaining supporters. References Kohn, Alfie. 1986. ‘No Contest – The Case Against Competition’. Boston New York London: Houghton Mifflin Co. Ryckman, R. M., Thornton, B., Butler, J. C. 1994. ‘Personality correlates of the hypercompetitive attitude scale: Validity tests of Horney’s theory of neurosis’. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 84-94 ‘Competition vs Cooperation’. 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-spectrumfive.htm Leef, George C. 1996. ‘The Virtues of Competition’. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from   http://www.libertyhaven.com/theoreticalorphilosophicalissues/ethics/virtucomp.html